EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION II. ISSUES A. MILITARY DOCTRINE AND BIO-CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. DPRK accusations of foreign CW and BW programs 2. Command and control B. CHEMICAL WEAPONS 1. History of the program 2. Capabilities and inventory 3. Research and production 4. Doctrine 5. Command and control 6. Exports C. BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS 1. History of the program 2. Capabilities and inventory 3. Human experiments III. RISKS A. WEAPONS USE 1. Attack: deliberate, accidental, unauthorised 2. Retaliation, escalation 3. Internal use in a power struggle B. PROLIFERATION, SALES, TRANSFERS C. ARMS RACES IV. POSSIBLE RESPONSES A. NON-PROLIFERATION, COUNTER-PROLIFERATION AND EXPORT CONTROLS B. DETERRENCE AND COUNTER-STRIKE CAPABILITIES C. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING D. DIPLOMACY, ENGAGEMENT AND ARMS CONTROL 1. CWC 2. BTWC 3. Six-Party Talks 4. G-8 Global Partnership V. CONCLUSION APPENDICES A. MAP OF NORTH KOREA B. MAP OF NORTH KOREAN CHEMICAL WEAPONS (CW) SITES C. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS D. DPRK CW AGENTS E. ARMS CONTROL AND EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES F. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP G. CRISIS GROUP REPORTS AND BRIEFINGS ON ASIA SINCE 2006 H. CRISIS GROUP BOARD OF TRUSTEES